In this study, we examined the prevalence of flat and inverted nipples among Japanese postpartum women and their influence on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.
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If the mother is not shown how to maintain an adequate supply through expression of milk due to the problems, the production of milk is likely to decrease.
In addition, the inability to attach at the breast can cause infrequent suckling and it may lead to breast engorgement. For example, these nipple problems may lead to a delay in breastfeeding initiation and thus deprive the baby from getting the benefits of colostrum. Occurrences of flat or inverted nipples are not uncommon problems and they often seriously hamper initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.
Short title: Japanese Women With Flat Nipples Manuscript accepted for publication February 02, 2015 Shunji Suzuki a, b, Midori Kotake a, Asami Fujikawa a, Yukie Kasahara a, Miyuki Nishikawa a, Yurina Wada a, Sanae Kanai aĪDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital, Tokyo, JapanīCorresponding Author: Shunji Suzuki, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Japanese Red Cross Katsushika Maternity Hospital, 5-11-12 Tateishi, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 124-0012, Japan
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